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Mitragyna speciosa is a tropical evergreen tree of the Rubiaceae family (coffee family) native to Southeast Asia. [3] It is indigenous to Cambodia, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, and Papua New Guinea, [4] where its leaves, known as kratom, have been used in herbal medicine since at least the 19th century. [5]
Mitragynine is an indole-based alkaloid and is one of the main psychoactive constituents in the Southeast Asian plant Mitragyna speciosa, commonly known as kratom. [4] It is an atypical opioid that is typically consumed as a part of kratom for its pain-relieving and euphoric effects.
7-Hydroxymitragynine (7-OH) is a terpenoid indole alkaloid from the plant Mitragyna speciosa, commonly known as kratom. [2] It was first described in 1994 [3] and is a human metabolite metabolized from mitragynine present in the Mitragyna speciosa. 7-OH binds to opioid receptors like mitragynine, but research suggests that 7-OH binds with greater efficacy.
Hepatotoxicity (from hepatic toxicity) implies chemical-driven liver damage. Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a cause of acute and chronic liver disease caused specifically by medications and the most common reason for a drug to be withdrawn from the market after approval.
A hepatotoxin (Gr., hepato = liver) is a toxic chemical substance that damages the liver.. It can be a side-effect, but hepatotoxins are also found naturally, such as microcystins and pyrrolizidine alkaloids, or in laboratory environments, such as carbon tetrachloride, or far more pervasively in the form of ethanol (drinking alcohol).
Drug overdose deaths in the US per 100,000 people by state. [1] [2] A two milligram dose of fentanyl powder (on pencil tip) is a lethal amount for most people.[3]The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) provides data on drug overdose death rates and totals in the United States.
Section 5: Other Test Guidelines; Guidelines are numbered with three digit numbers, the section number being the first number. Sometimes guidelines are suffixed with a letter. Guidelines are under constant review, with guidelines being periodically updated, new guidelines being adopted, and guidelines being withdrawn.
Drugs and other substances that have been associated with significant hepatotoxicity (liver damage). Subcategories. This category has the following 2 subcategories ...