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Early Iranians had their own regional elected councils. By the time of the Medians, the city-states were administered in a democratic fashion.. During the Achaemenids, in a debate over the constitution of Iran, Otanes argued in favor of democracy, however he did not succeed.
The Achaemenid Empire or Achaemenian Empire, [17] also known as the Persian Empire [17] or First Persian Empire [18] (/ ə ˈ k iː m ə n ɪ d /; Old Persian: 𐎧𐏁𐏂, Xšāça, lit. 'The Empire' [ 19 ] or 'The Kingdom' [ 20 ] ), was an Iranian empire founded by Cyrus the Great of the Achaemenid dynasty in 550 BC.
Persia's arch-rival during this time was the Roman Empire and its successor, the Byzantine Empire. Iran endured invasions by the Macedonians, Arabs, Turks, and Mongols. Despite these invasions, Iran continually reasserted its national identity and developed as a distinct political and cultural entity.
Malekeh Queen Malekeh Jahaan World Queen, title shared by Nasser-ed-Din Shah's mother and Mohammad 'Ali Shah's wife. Mahd-e-Oliaa "Queen Mother" (Lit. Mahd = hearth or cradle; Olia' = most high; thus = "most high hearth or cradle" or "most high life giving place" ; i.e., place from whence one is born, and thus more elegantly translated as "Sublime Cradle."
The title was used in its Persian form (šāhān šāh) after Greek ceased being used. [64] The first Parthian capital was at Nisa in Parthia. In 217 BC, the capital was moved to Qumis and in 50 BC a multi-capital system was established, with royal residences at Ctesiphon, Ecbatana, and Ray. [65] This list omits rival kings and claimants.
It made several significant changes to the system of government of the Islamic Republic such as eliminating the need for the Supreme Leader (rahbar) of the country to be a marja or chosen by popular acclaim. 1989 16 August Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani becomes President of Iran, the first president to assume office under the post-reform constitution ...
To the east, the Persians' political and military power had been growing at a rapid pace under the Achaemenid dynasty, and by 540 BC, Cyrus had initiated an offensive campaign against the Neo-Babylonian Empire. In late 539 BC, the Persian army secured a crucial victory in the Battle of Opis, thereafter triumphantly entering the city of Babylon.
The Persian Empire was a hereditary monarchy, though the spirit of eldest son succession was often violated through palace intrigues. The historical kings as given in Greek sources are: The historical kings as given in Greek sources are: