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Double-muscled cattle are breeds of cattle that carry one of seven known mutations that limits and reduces the activity of the myostatin protein. Normally, myostatin limits the number of muscle fibers present at birth, and interfering with activity of this protein causes animals to be born with higher numbers of muscle fibers, consequently augmenting muscle growth.
The Belgian Blue's bone structure is the same as normal cattle, albeit holding a greater amount of muscle, which causes them to have a greater meat to bone ratio. These cattle have a muscle yield around 20% more on average than cattle without the genetic myostatin mutation. [ 8 ]
Studies of double-muscled cattle [49] [50] identified natural mutations of the myostatin gene which produce inactivated proteins that are unable to control muscle development. In Belgian Blue and Piedmontese cattle this causes an increase in muscle mass of 20–25%.
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The active-myostatin gene acts as a "governor" on muscle growth; myostatin is a protein that instructs muscles to stop growing. In effect, when inactive, as it is with Piedmontese cattle, it no longer prevents muscle development which is what allows for the hypertrophic condition sometimes referred to as "double muscling". [7]
Dairy cow Dairy cow Beef cow Tropical cow Dairy cow producing 3,000 L (790 US gal) milk 2-year-old dry Merino sheep Ewe with one lamb Weight equivalent of one unit 650 kg (1,430 lb) 455 kg (1,003 lb) 250 kg (550 lb) 600 kg (1,300 lb) 45 kg (99 lb) 55 kg (121 lb) Dairy cow 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.50 0.70 1.00 20.0 8.0 Dry medium beef cow
Dairy cattle evaluation is the process of placing a group of dairy cows in order from most to least desirable based on milk production and longevity, where each animal is compared against the "ideal" animal. [1] Dairy cattle are evaluated based on physical traits that equate to high milk production, with slight variations between different breeds.
Cattle breeds fall into two main types, which are regarded as either two closely related species, or two subspecies of one species. Bos indicus (or Bos taurus indicus ) cattle, commonly called zebu, are adapted to hot climates and originated in the tropical parts of the world such as India, Sub-saharan Africa, China, and Southeast Asia.