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The immediate territorial origins of the Black Death and its outbreak remain unclear, with some evidence pointing towards Central Asia, China, the Middle East, and Europe. [ 10 ] [ 11 ] The pandemic was reportedly first introduced to Europe during the siege of the Genoese trading port of Kaffa in Crimea by the Golden Horde army of Jani Beg in 1347.
The Black Death was one of the most devastating pandemics in human history, resulting in the deaths of an estimated 75 to 200 million people in Eurasia, and peaking in Eurasia from 1321 to 1353. Its migration followed the sea and land trading routes of the medieval world.
The Black Death in Europe and the Kamakura Takeover in Japan As Causes of Religious Reform (2011) Meiss, Millard. Painting in Florence and Siena after the Black Death: the arts, religion, and society in the Mid-fourteenth century (Princeton University Press, 1978) Platt, Colin. King Death: The Black Death and Its Aftermath in Late Medieval ...
Southeastern Europe, Asia Minor and Syria before the First Crusade. The first experience of Turkish tactics, using lightly armoured mounted archers, occurred when an advanced party led by Bohemond and Robert was ambushed at the battle of Dorylaeum. The Normans resisted for hours before the arrival of the main army caused a Turkish withdrawal. [31]
The expression "crisis of the late Middle Ages" is commonly used in western historiography, [3] especially in English and German, and somewhat less in other western European scholarship, to refer to the array of crises besetting Europe in the 14th and 15th centuries.
The persecution of Jews during the Black Death consisted of a series of violent mass attacks and massacres. Jewish communities were often blamed for outbreaks of the Black Death in Europe. From 1348-1351, acts of violence were committed in Toulon, Barcelona, Erfurt, Basel, Frankfurt, Strasbourg and elsewhere.
Between 1346 and 1349, the Black Death killed almost half of the inhabitants of Constantinople.The city was further depopulated by the general economic and territorial decline of the empire, and by 1453, it consisted of a series of walled villages separated by vast fields encircled by the fifth-century Theodosian Walls. [179]
The 1314–1316 period was the fifth wettest three-year interval in Europe from 1300 to 2012. Of the four wetter periods, three occurred after 1710 when agricultural technology was much more productive, while one occurred after the Black Death when population size had already been reduced. The Great Famine's exceptional severity was due to ...