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  2. Social and cultural exchange in al-Andalus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_and_cultural...

    Social and cultural exchange in al-Andalus. A Jew and a Muslim playing chess in 13th century al-Andalus. Muslims, Christians, and Jews co-existed for over seven centuries in the Iberian Peninsula during the era of Al-Andalus states. The degree to which the Christians and the Jews were tolerated by their Muslim rulers is a subject widely ...

  3. Problem of Hell - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_of_Hell

    The problem of Hell is an ethical problem in the Abrahamic religions of Christianity and Islam, in which the existence of Hell or Jahannam for the punishment of souls in the afterlife is regarded as inconsistent with the notion of a just, moral, and omnipotent, omnibenevolent, omniscient supreme being. Also regarded as inconsistent with such a ...

  4. Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_world...

    kikA Christian and a Muslim playing chess, illustration from the Book of Games of Alfonso X (c. 1285). [1]During the High Middle Ages, the Islamic world was at its cultural peak, supplying information and ideas to Europe, via Al-Andalus, Sicily and the Crusader kingdoms in the Levant.

  5. Reception of Islam in early modern Europe - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reception_of_Islam_in...

    Slavery at the time of the European Renaissance was a socio-economic factor especially around the Mediterranean Sea region. It was accepted and approved for both Muslims and Christians. Most slaves came from warfare, privateering, or the international slave trade. Only some of the Arabian slaves in Europe were Muslims by origin. [20]

  6. Christian influences on the Islamic world - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_influences_on...

    Christian influences in Islam can be traced back to Eastern Christianity, which surrounded the origins of Islam. [1] Islam, emerging in the context of the Middle East that was largely Christian, was first seen as a Christological heresy known as the "heresy of the Ishmaelites", described as such in Concerning Heresy by Saint John of Damascus, a Syriac scholar.

  7. Islamization of Albania - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamization_of_Albania

    The Islamization of Albania occurred as a result of the Ottoman conquest of the region beginning in 1385. [ 1 ] The Ottomans through their administration and military brought Islam to Albania. In the first few centuries of Ottoman rule, the spread of Islam in Albania was slow and mainly intensified during the seventeenth and eighteenth ...

  8. Muhammad's views on Christians - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad's_views_on_Christians

    This is a letter which was issued by Muhammad, son of Abdullah, the Messenger, the Prophet, the Faithful, who is sent to all the people as a trust on the part of God to all His creatures, that they may have no plea against God hereafter. Verily God is Omnipotent, the Wise. This letter is directed to the embracers of Islam, as a covenant given ...

  9. Early social changes under Islam - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_social_changes_under...

    e. Many social changes took place under Islam between 610 and 661, including the period of Muhammad 's mission and the rule of his immediate successor (s) who established the Rashidun Caliphate. A number of historians stated that changes in areas such as social security, family structure, slavery and the rights of women improved on what was ...