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Lewis structures – also called Lewis dot formulas, Lewis dot structures, electron dot structures, or Lewis electron dot structures (LEDs) – are diagrams that show the bonding between atoms of a molecule, as well as the lone pairs of electrons that may exist in the molecule. [1][2][3] A Lewis structure can be drawn for any covalently bonded ...
The dot-and-cross diagram for molecular oxygen in the ground state. The oxygen nuclei are as indicated and the electrons are denoted by either dots or crosses, depending on their relative spins. The above three-dimensional LDQ structures are useful for visualising the molecular structures, but they can be laborious to construct.
Oxygen is usually pyramidal with an sp 3 hybridization. Those with n = 1 are called primary oxonium ions, an example being protonated alcohol (e.g. methanol). In acidic media, the oxonium functional group produced by protonating an alcohol can be a leaving group in the E2 elimination reaction. The product is an alkene. Extreme acidity, heat ...
Nitric oxide (nitrogen oxide or nitrogen monoxide [1]) is a colorless gas with the formula NO.It is one of the principal oxides of nitrogen.Nitric oxide is a free radical: it has an unpaired electron, which is sometimes denoted by a dot in its chemical formula (• N=O or • NO).
Singlet oxygen, systematically named dioxygen (singlet) and dioxidene, is a gaseous inorganic chemical with the formula O=O (also written as 1[O2] or 1O2), which is in a quantum state where all electrons are spin paired. It is kinetically unstable at ambient temperature, but the rate of decay is slow. The lowest excited state of the diatomic ...
In chemistry, a superoxide is a compound that contains the superoxide ion, which has the chemical formula O− 2. [1] The systematic name of the anion is dioxide (1−). The reactive oxygen ion superoxide is particularly important as the product of the one-electron reduction of dioxygen O2, which occurs widely in nature. [2]
Dioxygen difluoride can be obtained by subjecting a 1:1 mixture of gaseous fluorine and oxygen at low pressure (7–17 mmHg (0.9–2.3 kPa) is optimal) to an electric discharge of 25–30 mA at 2.1–2.4 kV. [3] A similar method was used for the first synthesis by Otto Ruff in 1933. [4] Another synthesis involves mixing O.
The oxygen cycle is the biogeochemical cycle of oxygen atoms between different oxidation states in ions, oxides, and molecules through redox reactions within and between the spheres/reservoirs of the planet Earth. [1] The word oxygen in the literature typically refers to the most common oxygen allotrope, elemental/diatomic oxygen (O 2), as it ...