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Comparison of Microsoft Windows versions. Microsoft Windows is the name of several families of computer software operating systems created by Microsoft. Microsoft first introduced an operating environment named Windows in November 1985 as an add-on to MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces (GUIs).
AMD Athlon (early version), a technically different but fully compatible x86 implementation. x86 (also known as 80x86[3] or the 8086 family[4]) is a family of complex instruction set computer (CISC) instruction set architectures [a] initially developed by Intel based on the 8086 microprocessor and its 8-bit-external-bus variant, the 8088.
The five-volume set of the x86-64 Architecture Programmer's Manual, as published and distributed by AMD in 2002. x86-64 (also known as x64, x86_64, AMD64, and Intel 64) [note 1] is a 64-bit version of the x86 instruction set, first announced in 1999. It introduced two new modes of operation, 64-bit mode and compatibility mode, along with a new ...
A 32-bit register can store 2 32 different values. The range of integer values that can be stored in 32 bits depends on the integer representation used. With the two most common representations, the range is 0 through 4,294,967,295 (2 32 − 1) for representation as an binary number, and −2,147,483,648 (−2 31) through 2,147,483,647 (2 31 − 1) for representation as two's complement.
For example, the Solaris operating system does so for both SPARC and x86-64. On the Linux side, Debian also ships an ILP32 userspace. The underlying reason is the somewhat "more expensive" nature of LP64 code, [8] just like it has been shown for x86-64. In that regard, the x32 ABI extends the ILP32-on-64bit concept to the x86-64 platform.
In 2003, 64-bit CPUs were introduced to the mainstream PC market in the form of x86-64 processors and the PowerPC G5. A 64-bit register can hold any of 2 64 (over 18 quintillion or 1.8×10 19) different values. The range of integer values that can be stored in 64 bits depends on the integer representation used.
Windows Preinstallation Environment (also known as Windows PE and WinPE) is a lightweight version of Windows used for the deployment of PCs, workstations, and servers, or troubleshooting an operating system while it is offline. It is intended to replace MS-DOS boot disks and can be booted via USB flash drive, PXE, iPXE, [1] CD, DVD, or hard disk.
Since the x86-64 architecture includes hardware-level support for 32-bit instructions, WOW64 switches the processor between 32- and 64-bit modes. According to Microsoft, 32-bit software running under WOW64 has a similar performance when executing under 32-bit Windows, but with fewer threads possible and other overheads. [44]