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In chemical engineering, biochemical engineering and protein purification, cross-flow filtration[1] (also known as tangential flow filtration[2]) is a type of filtration (a particular unit operation). Cross-flow filtration is different from dead-end filtration in which the feed is passed through a membrane or bed, the solids being trapped in ...
The dead-end membrane separation process is easy to implement and the process is usually cheaper than cross-flow membrane filtration. The dead-end filtration process is usually a batch -type process, where the filtering solution is loaded (or slowly fed) into the membrane device, which then allows passage of some particles subject to the ...
Filter media are the materials used to do the separation of materials. Two main types of filter media are employed in laboratories: Surface filters are solid sieves with a mesh to trap solid particles, sometimes with the aid of filter paper (e.g. Büchner funnel, belt filter, rotary vacuum-drum filter, cross-flow filters, screen filter).
Microfiltration. Microfiltration is a type of physical filtration process where a contaminated fluid is passed through a special pore-sized membrane filter to separate microorganisms and suspended particles from process liquid. It is commonly used in conjunction with various other separation processes such as ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis ...
Ultrafiltration (UF) is a variety of membrane filtration in which forces such as pressure or concentration gradients lead to a separation through a semipermeable membrane. Suspended solids and solutes of high molecular weight are retained in the so-called retentate, while water and low molecular weight solutes pass through the membrane in the ...
The choice of aeration rate is a key parameter in submerged membrane bioreactor design, as there is generally an optimal air flow rate beyond which further increases in aeration have no benefits for preventing fouling. Many other antifouling strategies can be applied in membrane bioreactor applications. They include, for example:
Schematic depiction of water movement through the narrow selectivity filter of the aquaporin channel. The aromatic/arginine or "ar/R" selectivity filter is a cluster of amino acids that help bind to water molecules and exclude other molecules that may try to enter the pore. It is the mechanism by which the aquaporin is able to selectively bind ...
Anisotropy (/ ˌænaɪˈsɒtrəpi, ˌænɪ -/) is the structural property of non-uniformity in different directions, as opposed to isotropy. An anisotropic object or pattern has properties that differ according to direction of measurement. For example, many materials exhibit very different physical or mechanical properties when measured along ...