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  2. Action (philosophy) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_(philosophy)

    v. t. e. In philosophy, an action is an event that an agent performs for a purpose, that is, guided by the person's intention. [1][2] The first question in the philosophy of action is to determine how actions differ from other forms of behavior, like involuntary reflexes. [3][4] According to Ludwig Wittgenstein, it involves discovering " [w]hat ...

  3. Act utilitarianism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_utilitarianism

    Act utilitarianism is a utilitarian theory of ethics that states that a person's act is morally right if and only if it produces the best possible results in that specific situation. Classical utilitarians, including Jeremy Bentham , John Stuart Mill , and Henry Sidgwick , define happiness as pleasure and the absence of pain.

  4. Integrity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrity

    Integrity is the quality of being honest and showing a consistent and uncompromising adherence to strong moral and ethical principles and values. [1][2] In ethics, integrity is regarded as the honesty and truthfulness or earnestness of one's actions. Integrity can stand in opposition to hypocrisy. [3] It regards internal consistency as a virtue ...

  5. Altruism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altruism

    Giving alms to the poor is often considered an altruistic action. Altruism is the principle and practice of concern for the well-being and/or happiness of other humans or animals above oneself. While objects of altruistic concern vary, it is an important moral value in many cultures and religions. It may be considered a synonym of selflessness ...

  6. Free Exercise Clause - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Exercise_Clause

    The history of the Supreme Court's interpretation of the Free Exercise Clause follows a broad arc, beginning with approximately 100 years of little attention, then taking on a relatively narrow view of the governmental restrictions required under the clause, growing into a much broader view in the 1960s, and later again receding.

  7. Philosophy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy

    They attempted to provide rational explanations of the cosmos as a whole. [43] The philosophy following them was shaped by Socrates (469–399 BCE), Plato (427–347 BCE), and Aristotle (384–322 BCE). They expanded the range of topics to questions like how people should act, how to arrive at knowledge, and what the nature of reality and mind ...

  8. ACT (nonprofit organization) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_(nonprofit_organization)

    ACT, Inc. was an American 501 (c) (3) nonprofit organization (NTEE classification B90, Educational Services, per the IRS), [1] primarily known for the ACT, a standardized test designed to assess high school students' academic achievement and college readiness. However, in April 2024, it was announced that the company had been purchased by the ...

  9. Reason - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reason

    Reason is the capacity of consciously applying logic by drawing valid conclusions from new or existing information, with the aim of seeking the truth. [1] It is associated with such characteristically human activities as philosophy, religion, science, language, mathematics, and art, and is normally considered to be a distinguishing ability possessed by humans.

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