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Genetic correlation. In multivariate quantitative genetics, a genetic correlation (denoted or ) is the proportion of variance that two traits share due to genetic causes, [1][2][3] the correlation between the genetic influences on a trait and the genetic influences on a different trait [4][5][6][7][8][9] estimating the degree of pleiotropy or ...
When there is only additive gene action, this sibling phenotypic correlation is an index of familiarity – the sum of half the additive genetic variance plus full effect of the common environment. It thus places an upper limit on additive heritability of twice the full-Sib phenotypic correlation.
Genotype–phenotype distinction. Similar genotypic changes may result in similar phenotypic alterations, even across a wide range of species. [1] The genotype–phenotype distinction is drawn in genetics. The "genotype" is an organism's full hereditary information. The "phenotype" is an organism's actual observed properties, such as morphology ...
Falconer's formula was first proposed by the Scottish geneticist Douglas Falconer. [3] The formula is where is the broad sense heritability, is the (monozygotic, MZ) identical twin correlation, and is the (dizygotic, DZ) fraternal twin correlation. Falconer's formula assumes the equal contribution of environmental factors in MZ pairs and DZ pairs.
Phenotypic integration. Phenotypic integration is a metric for measuring the correlation of multiple functionally-related traits to each other. [1] Complex phenotypes often require multiple traits working together in order to function properly. Phenotypic integration is significant because it provides an explanation as to how phenotypes are ...
ISBN 978-0-309-70065-8. PMID 36989389. In humans, race is a socially constructed designation, a misleading and harmful surrogate for population genetic differences, and has a long history of being incorrectly identified as the major genetic reason for phenotypic differences between groups.
A quantitative trait locus (QTL) is a region of DNA which is associated with a particular phenotypic trait, which varies in degree and which can be attributed to polygenic effects, i.e., the product of two or more genes, and their environment. [2] These QTLs are often found on different chromosomes. The number of QTLs which explain variation in ...
Phylogenetic comparative methods. Phylogenetic comparative methods (PCMs) use information on the historical relationships of lineages (phylogenies) to test evolutionary hypotheses. The comparative method has a long history in evolutionary biology; indeed, Charles Darwin used differences and similarities between species as a major source of ...