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Cost of poor quality. Cost of poor quality (COPQ) or poor quality costs (PQC) or cost of nonquality, are costs that would disappear if systems, processes, and products were perfect. COPQ was popularized by IBM quality expert H. James Harrington in his 1987 book Poor-Quality Cost. [1] COPQ is a refinement of the concept of quality costs.
Economists and marketers use the Search, Experience, Credence (SEC) classification of goods and services, which is based on the ease or difficulty with which consumers can evaluate or obtain information. These days most economics and marketers treat the three classes of goods as a continuum. Archetypal goods are: [1][2][3][4]
Escalation of commitment. Escalation of commitment is a human behavior pattern in which an individual or group facing increasingly negative outcomes from a decision, action, or investment nevertheless continue the behavior instead of altering course. The actor maintains behaviors that are irrational, but align with previous decisions and actions.
e. Behavioral economics is the study of the psychological, cognitive, emotional, cultural and social factors involved in the decisions of individuals or institutions, and how these decisions deviate from those implied by classical economic theory. [1][2] Behavioral economics is primarily concerned with the bounds of rationality of economic agents.
Quality costs. In process improvement efforts, quality costs tite or cost of quality (sometimes abbreviated CoQ or COQ[1]) is a means to quantify the total cost of quality -related efforts and deficiencies. It was first described by Armand V. Feigenbaum in a 1956 Harvard Business Review article.
Prospect theory. Daniel Kahneman, who won the 2002 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics for his work developing prospect theory. Prospect theory is a theory of behavioral economics, judgment and decision making that was developed by Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky in 1979. [1] The theory was cited in the decision to award Kahneman the 2002 Nobel ...
In economics a trade-off is expressed in terms of the opportunity cost of a particular choice, which is the loss of the most preferred alternative given up. [2] A tradeoff, then, involves a sacrifice that must be made to obtain a certain product, service, or experience, rather than others that could be made or obtained using the same required resources.
In mainstream economics, marginal utility describes the change in utility (pleasure or satisfaction resulting from the consumption) of one unit of a good or service. [1] Marginal utility can be positive, negative, or zero. Negative marginal utility implies that every additional unit consumed of a commodity causes more harm than good, leading to ...