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In Islam, the ulama (/ ˈ uː l ə ˌ m ɑː /; Arabic: علماء, romanized: ʿulamāʾ, lit. 'the learned ones'; [1] singular Arabic: عالِم, romanized: ʿālim; feminine singular alimah; plural aalimath [2]), also spelled ulema, are scholars of Islamic doctrine and law.
Arab scholars at an Abbasid library in Baghdad. Maqamat of al-Hariri Illustration, 1237. Arab scientists and scholars from the Muslim World, including Al-Andalus (Spain), who lived from antiquity up until the beginning of the modern age, include the following.
Allamah, Islamic honorary title for a scholar; Mullah, Muslim clergy or mosque leader; List of da'is; List of pre-modern Arab scientists and scholars; List of pre-modern Iranian scientists and scholars; List of Turkish philosophers and scientists; Islamic philosophy. Early Islamic philosophy; Islamic advice literature; Lists of maraji; List of ...
Haque, Amber (2004). "Psychology from Islamic Perspective: Contributions of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists".
The following is a list of internationally recognized Muslim scholars of medieval Islamic civilization who have been described as the father or the founder of a field by some modern scholars: Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi: Father of Modern Surgery [1] and the Father of Operative Surgery. [2] Ibn al-Nafis: Father of Circulatory Physiology and Anatomy.
Lists of Muslim scientists and scholars cover scientists and scholars who were active in the Islamic world before the modern era. They include: List of scientists in medieval Islamic world; List of pre-modern Arab scientists and scholars; List of pre-modern Iranian scientists and scholars; List of Muslim Nobel laureates
The metaphor of a golden age began to be applied in 19th-century literature about Islamic history, in the context of the western aesthetic fashion known as Orientalism.The author of a Handbook for Travelers in Syria and Palestine in 1868 observed that the most beautiful mosques of Damascus were "like Mohammedanism itself, now rapidly decaying" and relics of "the golden age of Islam".
Later Islamic scholars viewed this work as a response to the metaphysical claim of Avicenna and Ibn Tufail that bodily resurrection cannot be proven through reason, a view that was earlier criticized by al-Ghazali. [111] A Latin translation of Philosophus Autodidactus was published in 1671, prepared by Edward Pococke the Younger. [112]