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Students in jigsaw classrooms ("jigsaws") showed a decrease in prejudice and stereotyping, liked in-group and out-group members more, showed higher levels of self-esteem, performed better on standardized exams, liked school more, reduced absenteeism, and mixed with students of other races in areas other than the classroom compared to students in traditional classrooms ("trads").
The jigsaw method has been shown to actually reduce prejudice toward members of the stigmatized group. A stigmatized group is a group that “has an attribute that marks them as different and leads them to be devalued in the eyes of others”. [7] The stigmatized group in the context of the jigsaw method is typically a racial minority group.
Elliot Aronson (born January 9, 1932) is an American psychologist who has carried out experiments on the theory of cognitive dissonance and invented the Jigsaw Classroom, a cooperative teaching technique that facilitates learning while reducing interethnic hostility and prejudice.
The Jigsaw method has been proposed as a strategy to improve race relations since it meets the criteria posed by contact theory for reducing racial prejudice. Intergroup contact theory states that interracial contact will only improve race relations if ethnic groups are of equal status, pursue a common goal of mutual interest for groups, and ...
In Elliot Aronson's "jigsaw" teaching technique there are six conditions that must be met to reduce prejudice. [66] First, the in- and out-groups must have a degree of mutual interdependence. Second, both groups need to share a common goal.
The reverse jigsaw method resembles the original jigsaw method in some way but has its own objectives to be fulfilled. While the jigsaw method focuses on the student's comprehension of the instructor's material, the reverse jigsaw method focuses on the participant's interpretations, perceptions, and judgements through active discussion.
Sherif's work on superordinate goals is widely seen as a rebuttal of contact theory, [2] which states that prejudice and discrimination between groups widely exists due to a lack of contact between them. This lack of contact causes both sides to develop misconceptions about those who they do not know and to act on those misconceptions in ...
Other prejudice reduction research has investigated intergroup interaction techniques including cooperative learning (such as Elliot Aronson's "Jigsaw Classroom") [45] and making group identity less salient or a superordinate identity more salient [46] [47] in addition to individual techniques such as encouraging perspective-taking with a ...