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2. Piping and plumbing fitting - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piping_and_plumbing_fitting

   Valves are available in several types, based on design and purpose: Gate, plug, or ball valves – Isolation; Globe valve – Throttling; Needle valve – Throttling, usually with high precision but low flow; Butterfly or diaphragm valves – Isolation and throttling; Check valve – Preventing reverse flow (non-return)

3. Ball valve - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball_valve

   A ball valve is a flow control device which uses a hollow, perforated, and pivoting ball to control fluid flowing through it. It is open when the hole through the middle of the ball is in line with the flow inlet, and closed when it is pivoted 90 degrees by the valve handle, blocking the flow. [1]

4. Nominal Pipe Size - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominal_Pipe_Size

   Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) is a North American set of standard sizes for pipes used for high or low pressures and temperatures. [1] " Nominal" refers to pipe in non-specific terms and identifies the diameter of the hole with a non-dimensional number (for example – 2-inch nominal steel pipe" consists of many varieties of steel pipe with the only criterion being a 2.375-inch (60.3 mm) outside ...

5. Pipe (fluid conveyance) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)

   Consequently, a 1-inch (25 mm) copper pipe had a 1 + 1 ⁄ 8-inch (28.58 mm) outside diameter. The outside diameter was the important dimension for mating with fittings. The wall thickness on modern copper is usually thinner than 1 ⁄ 16-inch (1.6 mm), so the internal diameter is only "nominal" rather than a controlling dimension. [13]

6. Pipeline - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipeline

   Different types of valves play distinct roles in pipeline systems, including: [78] [79] [80] Ball valves allow for quick on/off flow control and are often used in pipeline systems where rapid changes in flow are required. Gate valves provide full flow control, making them suitable for pipelines that require complete shutoff or consistent flow.

7. Preferred metric sizes - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preferred_metric_sizes

   Butterfly valve in a large DN-size. Nominal diameter, abbreviated DN (diamètre nominal/Durchmesser nach Norm), is the designation system specified by ISO 6708 for specifying the diameter of trade sizes of metric pipework components, and is the metric equivalent to Nominal Pipe Size . [ 9 ]