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A permanent magnet is an object made from a material that is magnetized and creates its own persistent magnetic field. An everyday example is a refrigerator magnet used to hold notes on a refrigerator door. Materials that can be magnetized, which are also the ones that are strongly attracted to a magnet, are called ferromagnetic (or ferrimagnetic).
For example, a 12-inch long coil (ℓ = 12 in) with a long plunger of 1-square inch cross section (A = 1 in 2) and 11,200 ampere-turns (N I = 11,200 Aturn) had a maximum pull of 8.75 pounds (corresponding to C = 0.0094 psi). [10] The maximum pull is increased when a magnetic stop is inserted into the solenoid.
Magnetism is the class of physical attributes that occur through a magnetic field, which allows objects to attract or repel each other.Because both electric currents and magnetic moments of elementary particles give rise to a magnetic field, magnetism is one of two aspects of electromagnetism.
Neodymium is used as a magnetic crane which is a lifting device that lifts objects by magnetic force. [42] These cranes lift ferrous materials like steel plates, pipes, and scrap metal using the persistent magnetic field of the permanent magnets without requiring a continuous power supply. [43]
Canonical examples of nanomagnets are grains [1] [2] of ferromagnetic metals (iron, cobalt, and nickel) and single-molecule magnets. [3] The vast majority of nanomagnets feature transition metal ( titanium , vanadium , chromium , manganese , iron, cobalt or nickel) or rare earth ( Gadolinium , Europium , Erbium ) magnetic atoms.
A magnetic alloy is a combination of various metals from the periodic table such as ferrite that exhibits magnetic properties such as ferromagnetism. Typically the alloy contains one of the three main magnetic elements (which appear on the Bethe-Slater curve ): iron (Fe) , nickel (Ni) , or cobalt (Co) .
Electromagnetism explains how materials carry momentum despite being composed of individual particles and empty space. The forces we experience when "pushing" or "pulling" ordinary material objects result from intermolecular forces between individual molecules in our bodies and in the objects.
Molecule-based magnets (MBMs) or molecular magnets are a class of materials capable of displaying ferromagnetism and other more complex magnetic phenomena. This class expands the materials properties typically associated with magnets to include low density, transparency, electrical insulation, and low-temperature fabrication, as well as combine magnetic ordering with other properties such as ...