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Though the Ars Moriendi and works that pushed the good death concept such as The Book of the Craft of Dying remained the dominant understanding of death throughout the 14th and 15th centuries in western Europe, class distinctions continued to add variety to this conclusion.
The Black Death was the second great natural disaster to strike Europe during the Late Middle Ages (the first one being the Great Famine of 1315–1317) and is estimated to have killed 30% to 60% of the European population, as well as approximately 33% of the population of the Middle East.
Published in 1974, Western Attitudes Toward Death from the Middle Ages to the Present was French historian Philippe Ariès's first major publication on the subject of death. Ariès was well known for his work as a medievalist and a historian of the family , but the history of death was the subject of his work in his last decade of scholarly life.
Crucifixion is a method of capital punishment in which the condemned is tied or nailed to a large wooden cross, beam or stake and left to hang until eventual death. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It was used as a punishment by the Persians , Carthaginians , and Romans , [ 1 ] among others.
The crisis led to widespread protest and violence, but the middle classes and upper classes strongly supported the government, which used the army to suppress all working-class unrest, especially the Luddite movement. [17] [18] The Luddites met at night on the moors surrounding industrial towns to practice military-like drills and manoeuvres.
The crisis of the Middle Ages was a series of events in the 14th and 15th centuries that ended centuries of European stability during the late Middle Ages. [1] Three major crises led to radical changes in all areas of society: demographic collapse , political instability , and religious upheavals.
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Black doctors, lawyers, and other businessmen were the foundation of the Black middle class. [83] Many Black people organized to help strengthen the Black community and continue the fight against slavery. One of these organizations was the American Society of Free Persons of Colour, founded in 1830.