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Skin immunity is a property of skin that allows it to resist infections from pathogens. In addition to providing a passive physical barrier against infection, the skin also contains elements of the innate and adaptive immune systems which allows it to actively fight infections. Hence the skin provides defense in depth against infection.
Inflammation is one of the first responses of the immune system to infection or irritation. Inflammation is stimulated by chemical factors released by injured cells. It establishes a physical barrier against the spread of infection and promotes healing of any damaged tissue following pathogen clearance. [5]
Bacteria often overcome physical barriers by secreting enzymes that digest the barrier, for example, by using a type II secretion system. [170] Alternatively, using a type III secretion system, they may insert a hollow tube into the host cell, providing a direct route for proteins to move from the pathogen to the host. These proteins are often ...
The skin microbiota is vital as a line of defense against infection, a physical barrier between the environment and the inside of the host. Commensal microbes that live on the skin, such as Staphylococcus epidermidis , produce antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that aid the host immune system. [ 24 ]
Mucosal barrier integrity physically stops pathogens from entering the body. [4] Barrier function is determined by factors such as age, genetics, types of mucins present on the mucosa, interactions between immune cells, nerves and neuropeptides, and co-infection. Barrier integrity depends on the immunosuppressive mechanisms implemented on the ...
These factors include the epithelial surfaces forming a physical barrier, fatty acids that inhibit the growth of bacteria, and the microflora of the gastrointestinal tract serving to prevent the colonization of pathogenic bacteria. The non-specific immune system involves cells to which antigens are not specific in regards to fighting infection.
The epidermis is the outermost of the three layers that comprise the skin, the inner layers being the dermis and hypodermis. [1] The epidermis layer provides a barrier to infection from environmental pathogens [2] and regulates the amount of water released from the body into the atmosphere through transepidermal water loss.
They create the Sertoli cell barrier, which complements the blood-testis barrier. [21] The protection is ensured by tight junctions, which appear between two neighboring Sertoli cells. [22] Another mechanism which is likely to protect sperm is the suppression of immune responses in the testis. [23] [24]