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As of HTML5 the recommended charset is UTF-8. [3] An "encoding sniffing algorithm" is defined in the specification to determine the character encoding of the document based on multiple sources of input, including: Explicit user instruction; An explicit meta tag within the first 1024 bytes of the document
The meta element has two uses: either to emulate the use of an HTTP response header field, or to embed additional metadata within the HTML document. With HTML up to and including HTML 4.01 and XHTML, there were four valid attributes: content, http-equiv, name and scheme. Under HTML 5, charset has been added and scheme has been removed.
For UTF-8, the BOM is optional, while it is a must for the UTF-16 and the UTF-32 encodings. (Note: UTF-16 and UTF-32 without the BOM are formally known under different names, they are different encodings, and thus needs some form of encoding declaration – see UTF-16BE , UTF-16LE , UTF-32LE and UTF-32BE .)
Accept-Charset: Character sets that are acceptable. Accept-Charset: utf-8: Permanent RFC 9110: Accept-Datetime: Acceptable version in time. Accept-Datetime: Thu, 31 May 2007 20:35:00 GMT: Provisional RFC 7089: Accept-Encoding: List of acceptable encodings. See HTTP compression. Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate: Permanent RFC 9110: Accept-Language
All external entities for additional meta-data are referenced by either: Additional attributes (such as type, which indicates the MIME type of the external entity, or the charset attribute, which indicates its encoding) Additional elements (such as link or meta in HTML and XHTML) within their own attributes
A character encoding may be specified at the beginning of an XHTML document in the XML declaration when the document is served using the application/xhtml+xml MIME type. (If an XML document lacks encoding specification, an XML parser assumes that the encoding is UTF-8 or UTF-16, unless the encoding has already been determined by a higher protocol.)
The < meta charset = "UTF-8" > tag is technically redundant when coming directly from a web server configured to send the character encoding in an HTTP header, though it becomes useful when the HTML response is saved in an .html file, cache, or web archive. [10]
The Universal Coded Character Set (UCS, Unicode) is a standard set of characters defined by the international standard ISO/IEC 10646, Information technology — Universal Coded Character Set (UCS) (plus my amendments to that standard), which is the basis of many character encodings, improving as characters from previously unrepresented typing systems are added.