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Umar ibn al-Khattab [a] (Arabic: عُمَر بْن ٱلْخَطَّاب, romanized: ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb; c. 582/583 – 644), also spelled Omar, was the second Rashidun caliph, ruling from August 634, when he succeeded Abu Bakr (r.
Umar ibn al-Khattab was one of the earliest figures in the history of Islam. While Sunnis regard Umar ibn al-Khattab in high esteem and respect his place as one of the "Four Righteously Guided Caliphs", the Shia do not view him as a legitimate leader of the Ummah and believe that Umar and Abu Bakr conspired to usurp power from Ali.
Khattab ibn Nufayl, Umar's father; Khantamah, Umar's mother; Hisham ibn al-Mughirah, maternal grandfather of Umar and brother of Walid ibn al-Mughira, who was the father of General Khalid ibn al-Walid. Khalid was thus a cousin of Umar's mother. Abu Jahl whose personal name was Amr bin Hisham was a brother of Umar's mother, and his maternal uncle.
The Expedition of Umar ibn al-Khattab [3] to Turbah took place in July 628 CE, or in the 3rd month of the year 7 of the Islamic calendar (AH). [ 4 ] The expedition was led by Umar ibn al-Khattab , at the order of the Islamic prophet Muhammad .
The Pact of Umar (also known as the Covenant of Umar, Treaty of Umar or Laws of Umar; Arabic: شروط عمر or عهد عمر or عقد عمر) is a treaty between the Muslims and non-Muslims who were conquered by Umar during his conquest of the Levant (Syria and Lebanon) in the year 637 CE that later gained a canonical status in Islamic jurisprudence. [1]
Abd al-Rahman ibn Umar (the Older) Abd al-Rahman ibn Umar (the Younger) [1] Hafsa bint Umar: She was first married to Khunais ibn Hudhafa of Banu Sahm, but became a widow in August 624. [2] She was then married to the Islamic Prophet Muhammad, yet she had no children. Umm Kulthum bint Jarwal: Ubayd Allah ibn Umar: Zayd ibn Umar (The Younger) [3]
There are reports that the second Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab ordered Christians of Najran to vacate the city and emigrate out of the Arabian peninsula, based on Muhammad's orders. [20] However, the historicity of this is disputed, and there is historical evidence that Christians continued to live in the area for at least 200 more years. [20]
Umar was the second Rashidun Caliph and reigned during 634–644. Umar's caliphate is notable for its vast conquests. Aided by brilliant field commanders, he was able to incorporate present-day Iraq, Iran, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, Syria, Jordan, Palestine, Lebanon, Egypt, and parts of Afghanistan, Turkmenistan and south western Pakistan into the Caliphate.