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The global demand is much higher and there is an unmet need for safe blood for transfusion in many low- and middle-income countries. [75] In the United States, blood transfusions were performed nearly 3 million times during hospitalizations in 2011, making it the most common procedure performed.
Transfusion-dependent anemia is a form of anemia characterized by the need for continuous blood transfusion. It is a condition that results from various diseases, and is associated with decreased survival rates. [1] [2] Regular transfusion is required to reduce the symptoms of anemia by increasing functional red blood cells and hemoglobin count.
In transfusion medicine, transfusion-associated circulatory overload (aka TACO) is a transfusion reaction (an adverse effect of blood transfusion) resulting in signs or symptoms of excess fluid in the circulatory system (hypervolemia) within 12 hours after transfusion. [2]
Fever of at least 39 °C, OR a rise in temperature of at least 2 °C from pre-transfusion values AND/OR other symptoms or signs, including chills (), painful muscles (), or nausea that are severe enough that the transfusion is stopped AND requires immediate medical treatment, admission to hospital, or lengthens the duration of hospital admission.
An acute hemolytic transfusion reaction (AHTR), also called immediate hemolytic transfusion reaction, is a life-threatening reaction to receiving a blood transfusion. AHTRs occur within 24 hours of the transfusion and can be triggered by a few milliliters of blood. The reaction is triggered by host antibodies destroying donor red blood cells.
Additionally, reduction in time to first plasma transfusion has shown a significant reduction in mortality in damage control resuscitation. [3] In addition to blood products, products that prevent the breakdown of fibrin in clots, or antifibrinolytics, have been studied for their utility in the treatment of hemorrhagic shock in the trauma patient.
One elderly man with an intestinal bleed died after treatment delays caused by a lack of available A&E beds
Transfusion hemosiderosis can cause permanent damage to tissues that may lead to death. [2] Tissue damage can remain even after chelation therapy. [2] Outcomes are usually worse in patients who require blood transfusions compared to those who can have alternative therapies. [2] Cardiomyopathy and cardiac arrhythmia are often a cause of death. [1]