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The term pessimism derives from the Latin word pessimus, meaning 'the worst'.It was first used by Jesuit critics of Voltaire's 1759 novel Candide, ou l'Optimisme.Voltaire was satirizing the philosophy of Leibniz who maintained that this was the 'best (optimum) of all possible worlds'.
Half a glass of water, illustration of two different mental attitudes, optimism (half full) and pessimism (half empty) Optimism is an attitude reflecting a belief or hope that the outcome of some specific endeavor, or outcomes in general, will be positive, favorable, and desirable.
The word pessimism comes from Latin pessimus, meaning "the worst".The term "optimism" was first used to name Lebnitz's thesis that we live in "the best of all possible worlds"; and "pessimism" was coined to name the opposing view.
Hopepunk describes works such as books, movies, and television shows, that reveal hope in the face of challenges and act as a counter to pessimism. [7] Scholar Elin Kelsey describes it as "a narrative of positive resistance" and contrasts it with noblebright , which takes as its premise that not only are there good fights worth fighting, but ...
Socialist Realism was the official doctrine of art produced in the Soviet Union, through which the emerging medium of film took prominence. The doctrine mandated an idealized depiction of society under socialism , with Soviet film of the era conforming to standards approved by the First Congress of Soviet Writers.
The poems of the Canadian poet Frederick George Scott have also been cited as an example of Victorian pessimism, [92] as have the poems of the American poet Edwin Arlington Robinson. [93] During this period, artistic representations of nature transformed, from benevolent, uplifting and god-like, to actively hostile, competitive, or indifferent.
Realism was a general movement that began in 19th-century theatre, around the 1870s, and remained present through much of the 20th century. 19th-century realism is closely connected to the development of modern drama, which "is usually said to have begun in the early 1870s" with the "middle-period" work of the Norwegian dramatist Henrik Ibsen ...
Surrealist cinema is a modernist approach to film theory, criticism, and production, with origins in Paris in the 1920s. The Surrealist movement used shocking, irrational, or absurd imagery and Freudian dream symbolism to challenge the traditional function of art to represent reality.