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Horizontal partitioning splits one or more tables by row, usually within a single instance of a schema and a database server. It may offer an advantage by reducing index size (and thus search effort) provided that there is some obvious, robust, implicit way to identify in which partition a particular row will be found, without first needing to search the index, e.g., the classic example of the ...
SQL-92 was the third revision of the SQL database query language. Unlike SQL-89, it was a major revision of the standard. Aside from a few minor incompatibilities, the SQL-89 standard is forward-compatible with SQL-92. The standard specification itself grew about five times compared to SQL-89.
A hierarchical query is a type of SQL query that handles hierarchical model data. They are special cases of more general recursive fixpoint queries, which compute transitive closures. In standard SQL:1999 hierarchical queries are implemented by way of recursive common table expressions (CTEs).
Database partitioning refers to intentionally breaking a large database into smaller ones for scalability purposes, distinct from network partitions which are a type of network fault between nodes. [1] In a partitioned database, each piece of data belongs to exactly one partition, effectively making each partition a small database of its own. [1]
The PACELC theorem, introduced in 2010, [8] builds on CAP by stating that even in the absence of partitioning, there is another trade-off between latency and consistency. PACELC means, if partition (P) happens, the trade-off is between availability (A) and consistency (C); Else (E), the trade-off is between latency (L) and consistency (C).
This lets businesses forgo preload transformations and replicate raw data into their data warehouses, where it can transform them as needed using SQL. After having used ELT, data may be processed further and stored in a data mart. [13] Most data integration tools skew towards ETL, while ELT is popular in database and data warehouse appliances.
In SQL Server versions 6.5 and earlier, database administrators (DBAs) used SQL Server Transfer Manager and Bulk Copy Program, included with SQL Server, to transfer data. These tools had significant shortcomings, and many [ quantify ] DBAs used third-party tools such as Pervasive Data Integrator to transfer data more flexibly and easily.
Materialized views that store data based on remote tables were also known as snapshots [5] (deprecated Oracle terminology). In any database management system following the relational model , a view is a virtual table representing the result of a database query .