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Metolazone is a thiazide-like diuretic marketed under the brand names Zytanix, Metoz, Zaroxolyn, and Mykrox. It is primarily used to treat congestive heart failure and high blood pressure . Metolazone indirectly decreases the amount of water reabsorbed into the bloodstream by the kidney , so that blood volume decreases and urine volume increases.
Nephrotoxicity is toxicity in the kidneys. It is a poisonous effect of some substances , both toxic chemicals and medications , on kidney function . [ 1 ] There are various forms, [ 2 ] and some drugs may affect kidney function in more than one way.
Examples include metolazone, chlorthalidone, and indapamide. [1] References This page was last edited on 4 May 2022, at 02:01 (UTC). Text is available under ...
Loop diuretics are 90% bonded to proteins and are secreted into the proximal convoluted tubule through organic anion transporter 1 (OAT-1), OAT-2, and ABCC4.Loop diuretics act on the Na +-K +-2Cl − symporter (NKCC2) in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle to inhibit sodium, chloride and potassium reabsorption.
Ceftolozane exerts bactericidal activities against susceptible gram-negative and gram-positive infections by inhibiting essential penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), which are required for peptidoglycan cross-linking for bacterial cell wall synthesis, resulting in inhibition of cell wall synthesis and subsequent cell death.
The term "thiazide" is also often used for drugs with a similar action that do not have the thiazide chemical structure, such as chlorthalidone, metolazone and indapamide. These agents are more properly termed thiazide-like diuretics. [citation needed] Thiazide diuretics also increase calcium reabsorption at the distal tubule.
Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) is a medical condition involving the death of tubular epithelial cells that form the renal tubules of the kidneys.Because necrosis is often not present, the term acute tubular injury (ATI) is preferred by pathologists over the older name acute tubular necrosis (ATN). [1]
The scarring of the small blood vessels, called capillary sclerosis, is the initial lesion of analgesic nephropathy. [7] Found in the renal pelvis, ureter, and capillaries supplying the nephrons, capillary sclerosis is thought to lead to renal papillary necrosis and, in turn, chronic interstitial nephritis.