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The concept of force makes the everyday notion of pushing or pulling mathematically precise. Because the magnitude and direction of a force are both important, force is a vector quantity. The SI unit of force is the newton (N), and force is often represented by the symbol F. Force plays an important role in classical mechanics.
Maximum force of a molecular motor [8] 10 −11 10 −10 ~160 pN Force to break a typical noncovalent bond [8] 10 −9 nanonewton (nN) ~1.6 nN Force to break a typical covalent bond [8] 10 −8 ~82nN Force on an electron in a hydrogen atom [1] 10 −7 ~200nN Force between two 1 meter long conductors, 1 meter apart by an outdated definition of ...
A force is known as a bound vector—which means it has a direction and magnitude and a point of application. A convenient way to define a force is by a line segment from a point A to a point B. If we denote the coordinates of these points as A = (A x, A y, A z) and B = (B x, B y, B z), then the force vector applied at A is given by
Newton's law of gravitation resembles Coulomb's law of electrical forces, which is used to calculate the magnitude of the electrical force arising between two charged bodies. Both are inverse-square laws, where force is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the bodies. Coulomb's law has charge in place of mass and a ...
The magnitude of the electrostatic force F between two point charges q 1 and q 2 is directly proportional to the product of the magnitudes of charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
In physics and engineering, a resultant force is the single force and associated torque obtained by combining a system of forces and torques acting on a rigid body via vector addition. The defining feature of a resultant force, or resultant force-torque, is that it has the same effect on the rigid body as the original system of forces. [ 1 ]
The pound-force is equal to the gravitational force exerted on a mass of one avoirdupois pound on the surface of Earth.Since the 18th century, the unit has been used in low-precision measurements, for which small changes in Earth's gravity (which varies from equator to pole by up to half a percent) can safely be neglected.
The formula to calculate average shear stress τ or force per unit area is: [1] =, where F is the force applied and A is the cross-sectional area.. The area involved corresponds to the material face parallel to the applied force vector, i.e., with surface normal vector perpendicular to the force.