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A typical mixture is 3 parts of concentrated sulfuric acid and 1 part of 30 wt. % hydrogen peroxide solution; [1] other protocols may use a 4:1 or even 7:1 mixture. A closely related mixture, sometimes called "base piranha", is a 5:1:1 mixture of water, ammonia solution ( NH 4 OH , or NH 3 (aq) ), and 30% hydrogen peroxide.
Ammonium hexachloroplatinate is used in platinum plating. Heating (NH 4) 2 [PtCl 6] under a stream of hydrogen at 200 °C produces platinum sponge. Treating this with chlorine gives H 2 [PtCl 6]. [2] Ammonium hexachloroplatinate decomposes to yield platinum sponge when heated to high temperatures: [2] [5] 3(NH 4) 2 PtCl 6 → 3Pt(s) + 2NH 4 Cl ...
The following chart shows the solubility of various ionic compounds in water at 1 atm pressure and room temperature (approx. 25 °C, 298.15 K). "Soluble" means the ionic compound doesn't precipitate, while "slightly soluble" and "insoluble" mean that a solid will precipitate; "slightly soluble" compounds like calcium sulfate may require heat to precipitate.
The standard Gibbs free energy of formation (G f °) of a compound is the change of Gibbs free energy that accompanies the formation of 1 mole of a substance in its standard state from its constituent elements in their standard states (the most stable form of the element at 1 bar of pressure and the specified temperature, usually 298.15 K or 25 °C).
Generic hydrolysis reaction. (The 2-way yield symbol indicates a chemical equilibrium in which hydrolysis and condensation are reversible.). Hydrolysis (/ h aɪ ˈ d r ɒ l ɪ s ɪ s /; from Ancient Greek hydro- 'water' and lysis 'to unbind') is any chemical reaction in which a molecule of water breaks one or more chemical bonds.
For many substances, the formation reaction may be considered as the sum of a number of simpler reactions, either real or fictitious. The enthalpy of reaction can then be analyzed by applying Hess' law, which states that the sum of the enthalpy changes for a number of individual reaction steps equals the enthalpy change of the overall reaction.
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Sodium chloride / ˌ s oʊ d i ə m ˈ k l ɔːr aɪ d /, [8] commonly known as edible salt, is an ionic compound with the chemical formula NaCl, representing a 1:1 ratio of sodium and chlorine ions. It is transparent or translucent, brittle, hygroscopic , and occurs as the mineral halite .