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The human brain. Differences in male and female brain size are relative to body size. [83] Early research into the differences between male and female brains showed that male brains are, on average, larger than female brains. This research was frequently cited to support the assertion that women are less intelligent than men.
Research on biological sex differences in human psychology investigates cognitive and behavioral differences between men and women. This research employs experimental tests of cognition, which take a variety of forms. Tests focus on possible differences in areas such as IQ, spatial reasoning, aggression, emotion, and brain structure and function.
Researchers further analyzed the differences in brain volume, surface area and cortical thickness by testing the men and women on verbal-numerical reasoning and reaction time in separate groups. It was found that the group of men slightly outperformed the women in both the verbal-numerical reasoning and reaction time tests.
One 2013 study found that women with metal hip replacements were 29% more likely than men to experience implant failure, possibly due to anatomical differences and inadequate testing in women.
Human adults and children show many psychological and behavioral sex differences. Some (e.g. dress) are learned and cultural. Others are demonstrable across cultures and have both biological and learned determinants.
In 1974, The Psychology of Sex Differences was published. It said that men and women behave more similarly than had been previously supposed. They also proposed that children have much power over what gender role they grow into, whether by choosing which parent to imitate, or doing activities such as playing with action figures or dolls. [15]
In another study, when using multiple tests for episodic memory, there were no differences between men and women. [21] A similar result was also found among children from 3 to 6 years old. [22] As for semantic memory related to general knowledge and knowledge of facts from the world.
Phenotypic differences between sexes are evident even in cultured cells from tissues. [132] For example, female muscle-derived stem cells have a better muscle regeneration efficiency than male ones. [133] There are reports of several metabolic differences between male and female cells [134] and they also respond to stress differently. [135]