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Pyroclastic flows sweep down the flanks of Mayon Volcano, Philippines, in 2018. A pyroclastic flow (also known as a pyroclastic density current or a pyroclastic cloud) [1] is a fast-moving current of hot gas and volcanic matter (collectively known as tephra) that flows along the ground away from a volcano at average speeds of 100 km/h (30 m/s; 60 mph) but is capable of reaching speeds up to ...
Pyroclasts are transported in two main ways: in atmospheric eruption plumes, from which pyroclasts settle to form topography-draping pyroclastic fall layers, and by pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) (including pyroclastic flows and pyroclastic surges), [6] from which pyroclasts are deposited as pyroclastic density current deposits, which tend ...
Submarine rhyolitic flows were widespread in the Archean but are uncommon in the modern volcanic environment. [39] Viscous felsic eruption often causes pyroclastic flow (hot, dense gas with volcanic fragments) instead of fluid lava flow. However, if the rhyolitic lava is still molten during eruption, it can behave and flow like fluid lava. [7] [40]
As the pyroclastic flow reached Onokoba the pyroclastic surge detached from the main flow body as it continued moving 600 m (2,000 ft) to the SE before losing its energy and stopping. The surge was powerful enough to move a car 120 m (390 ft), flatten and uproot large trees and even move large debris in Kita-Kamikoba and Onokoba.
In the broad sense [2] [4] of the term, volcaniclastics includes pyroclastic rocks such as the Bandelier Tuff; [5] cinder cones and other tephra deposits; the basal and capping breccia that characterize ʻaʻā lava flows; and lahars and debris flows of volcanic origin. [6] Volcaniclastics make up more of the volume of many volcanoes than do ...
Pyroclastic flows also moved to the east, reaching more than 25 miles (40 km) from the base of Mazama. These deposits have diameters between 1 and 2 feet (0.30 and 0.61 m), though they are punctuated by pumice blocks with diameters of 6 feet (1.8 m) that extend as far as 20 miles (32 km) from Mazama's summit.
Pyroclastic flows of hot clouds of gas, ash and pulverized lava erupted from these vents in narrow tongues that extended up to 5 miles (8 km) away and covered 38 square miles (100 km 2). [ 31 ] [ 33 ] : 67–68 Rhyolite lava oozed out of the vents to form several steep-sided domes, including Panum Dome and the much larger North Coulee flow.
The resulting deposits formed a fan-like pattern of overlapping sheets, tongues, and lobes. At least 17 separate pyroclastic flows occurred during the May 18 eruption, and their aggregate volume was about 0.05 cu mi (0.21 km 3). [9] The flow deposits were still at about 570 to 790 °F (300 to 420 °C) two weeks after they erupted. [9]
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