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The Equator during the boreal winter, spanning from December to March. The equator is a circle of latitude that divides a spheroid, such as Earth, into the Northern and Southern hemispheres. On Earth, the Equator is an imaginary line located at 0 degrees latitude, about 40,075 km (24,901 mi) in circumference, halfway between the North and South ...
The 45th parallel north is often called the halfway point between the equator and the North Pole, but the true halfway point is 16.038487 km (9.965854 mi) north of it (at approximately 45°08'39.544") because Earth is an oblate spheroid; that is, it bulges at the equator and is flattened at the poles. [1]
The rectifying latitude, μ, is the meridian distance scaled so that its value at the poles is equal to 90 degrees or π / 2 radians: = where the meridian distance from the equator to a latitude ϕ is (see Meridian arc)
Geodetic latitude measures how close to the poles or equator a point is along a meridian, and is represented as an angle from −90° to +90°, where 0° is the equator. The geodetic latitude is the angle between the equatorial plane and a line that is normal to the reference ellipsoid.
There are 89 integral (whole degree) circles of latitude between the Equator and the poles in each hemisphere, but these can be divided into more precise measurements of latitude, and are often represented as a decimal degree (e.g. 34.637° N) or with minutes and seconds (e.g. 22°14'26" S).
The equator is divided into 360 degrees of longitude, so each degree at the equator represents 111,319.5 metres (365,221 ft). As one moves away from the equator towards a pole, however, one degree of longitude is multiplied by the cosine of the latitude, decreasing the distance, approaching zero at the pole.
For example, the north celestial pole has a declination of +90°. The origin for declination is the celestial equator, which is the projection of the Earth's equator onto the celestial sphere. Declination is analogous to terrestrial latitude. [6] [7] [8]
The 30th parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 30 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane.It stands one-third of the way between the equator and the North Pole and crosses Africa, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, North America, and the Atlantic Ocean.