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  2. Struvite - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struvite

    Struvite kidney stones are also known as triple phosphate stones (calcium magnesium ammonium phosphate), owing to the presence of carbonate apatite that precipitates to accompany struvite at high pH. [ 10 ] [ 11 ] [ 12 ] Struvite and carbonate apatite precipitate in alkaline urine , forming kidney stones.

  3. Lithotomy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithotomy

    Lithotomy from Greek for "lithos" and "tomos" (), is a surgical method for removal of calculi, stones formed inside certain organs, such as the urinary tract (kidney stones), bladder (bladder stones), and gallbladder (), that cannot exit naturally through the urinary system or biliary tract.

  4. Calculus (medicine) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculus_(medicine)

    Many stone types can be detected by ultrasound; Factors contributing to stone formation (as in #Etiology) are often tested: Laboratory testing can give levels of relevant substances in blood or urine; Some stones can be directly recovered (at surgery, or when they leave the body spontaneously) and sent to a laboratory for analysis of content

  5. Kidney stone disease - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_stone_disease

    Kidney stones are primarily composed of calcium salts, with the most common being calcium oxalate (70-80%), followed by calcium phosphate and uric acid. When urine contains high concentrations of these ions, they can form crystals and eventually stones. [41] The formation of kidney stones occurs in three main phases: [41]

  6. Electrohydraulic lithotripsy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrohydraulic_lithotripsy

    Electrohydraulic Lithotripsy (EHL) is a medical procedure which uses targeted shockwaves to break up kidney stones and gallstones. [1] This form of extracorporeal lithotripsy is unique in that the shockwaves are produced by a vaporization bubble expanding and collapsing repeatedly, creating a pressure wave. [1]

  7. Alkali citrate - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali_citrate

    Alkaline citrates are used to prevent recurrent calcium stone formation. [13] [14] [15] [5] This is one of the major types of kidney stones. [16] [17] The citrate salts can increase urine citrate, which binds with urine calcium, reduces supersaturation of calcium salts, and inhibits crystal formation. [18] [8] This helps prevent kidney stones ...

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