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If the function f does not have any continuous antiderivative which takes the value zero at the zeros of f (this is the case for the sine and the cosine functions), then sgn(f(x)) ∫ f(x) dx is an antiderivative of f on every interval on which f is not zero, but may be discontinuous at the points where f(x) = 0.
This result was published independently in 1912 by an Italian engineer, Alberto Caprilli, in an opuscule entitled "Nuove formole d'integrazione". [5] It was rediscovered in 1955 by Parker, [6] and by a number of mathematicians following him. [7] Nevertheless, they all assume that f or f −1 is differentiable.
The function f(x) is called the integrand, the points a and b are called the limits (or bounds) of integration, and the integral is said to be over the interval [a, b], called the interval of integration. [18] A function is said to be integrable if its integral over its domain is finite. If limits are specified, the integral is called a ...
In calculus, and more generally in mathematical analysis, integration by parts or partial integration is a process that finds the integral of a product of functions in terms of the integral of their derivative and antiderivative. It is frequently used to transform the antiderivative of a product of functions into an antiderivative for which a ...
In mathematics, a line integral is an integral where the function to be integrated is evaluated along a curve. [1] The terms path integral, curve integral, and curvilinear integral are also used; contour integral is used as well, although that is typically reserved for line integrals in the complex plane.
An illustration of Monte Carlo integration. In this example, the domain D is the inner circle and the domain E is the square. Because the square's area (4) can be easily calculated, the area of the circle (π*1.0 2) can be estimated by the ratio (0.8) of the points inside the circle (40) to the total number of points (50), yielding an approximation for the circle's area of 4*0.8 = 3.2 ≈ π.
A constant, such pi, that may be defined by the integral of an algebraic function over an algebraic domain is known as a period. The following is a list of some of the most common or interesting definite integrals. For a list of indefinite integrals see List of indefinite integrals.
An integral representation of a function is an expression of the function involving a contour integral. Various integral representations are known for many special functions . Integral representations can be important for theoretical reasons, e.g. giving analytic continuation or functional equations , or sometimes for numerical evaluations .