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Langlands's proof of the functional equation for Eisenstein series was 337 pages long. 1983 Trichotomy theorem. Gorenstein and Lyons's proof for the case of rank at least 4 was 731 pages long, and Aschbacher's proof of the rank 3 case adds another 159 pages, for a total of 890 pages. 1983 Selberg trace formula. Hejhal's proof of a general form ...
The Clay Mathematics Institute officially designated the title Millennium Problem for the seven unsolved mathematical problems, the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture, Hodge conjecture, Navier–Stokes existence and smoothness, P versus NP problem, Riemann hypothesis, Yang–Mills existence and mass gap, and the Poincaré conjecture at the ...
Many mathematical problems have been stated but not yet solved. These problems come from many areas of mathematics, such as theoretical physics, computer science, algebra, analysis, combinatorics, algebraic, differential, discrete and Euclidean geometries, graph theory, group theory, model theory, number theory, set theory, Ramsey theory, dynamical systems, and partial differential equations.
2.1 Mathematics. 2.2 Physics. 2.3 Chemistry. ... This is a list of equations, ... Kirchhoff's diffraction formula; Klein–Gordon equation;
If you expand an icosidodecahedron by moving the faces away from the origin the right amount, without changing the orientation or size of the faces, and patch the square holes in the result, you get a rhombicosidodecahedron.
However, Graham's number can be explicitly given by computable recursive formulas using Knuth's up-arrow notation or equivalent, as was done by Ronald Graham, the number's namesake. As there is a recursive formula to define it, it is much smaller than typical busy beaver numbers, the latter of which grow faster than any computable sequence ...
Fuchs's theorem (differential equations) Fuglede's theorem (functional analysis) Full employment theorem (theoretical computer science) Fulton–Hansen connectedness theorem (algebraic geometry) Fundamental theorem of algebra (complex analysis) Fundamental theorem of arbitrage-free pricing (financial mathematics)
Algebraic functions are functions that can be expressed as the solution of a polynomial equation with integer coefficients. Polynomials: Can be generated solely by addition, multiplication, and raising to the power of a positive integer. Constant function: polynomial of degree zero, graph is a horizontal straight line