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  2. GABA reuptake inhibitor - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GABA_reuptake_inhibitor

    [9] [10] [11] The inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA plays a complex role in modulating anxiety and stress, regulating sleep, circadian rhythms, mood, cognition, and perception. Low GABA levels are associated with emotional and behavioral disruptions, including short-term and/or long-term stress, anxiety disorders, and sleep disorders. [12]

  3. Effects of long-term benzodiazepine use - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_long-term...

    Long-term use of benzodiazepines can induce perceptual disturbances and depersonalization in some people, even in those taking a stable daily dosage, and it can also become a protracted withdrawal feature of the benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome. [54] In addition, chronic use of benzodiazepines is a risk factor for blepharospasm. [55]

  4. Kindling (sedative–hypnotic withdrawal) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindling_(sedative...

    Long-term activation of the GABA receptor by sedative–hypnotic drugs causes chronic GABA receptor downregulation as well as glutamate overactivity, which can lead to drug and neurotransmitter sensitization, central nervous system hyperexcitability, and excitotoxicity.

  5. Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzodiazepine_withdrawal...

    Benzodiazepines potentiate the action of GABA, [54] by binding a site between the α and γ subunits of the 5-subunit receptor [55] thereby increasing the frequency of the GABA-gated chloride channel opening in the presence of GABA. [56] When potentiation is sustained by long-term use, neuroadaptations occur which result in decreased GABAergic ...

  6. Benzodiazepine dependence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzodiazepine_dependence

    The long-term effects of benzodiazepines are still not fully understood. Long-term benzodiazepine use is associated with attentional and visuospatial functional impairments. Withdrawal from benzodiazepines can lead to improved alertness and decreased forgetfulness in the elderly. Withdrawal led to statistically significant improvements in ...

  7. Benzodiazepine - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzodiazepine

    A number of studies have drawn an association between long-term benzodiazepine use and neuro-degenerative disease, particularly Alzheimer's disease. [150] It has been determined that long-term use of benzodiazepines is associated with increased dementia risk, even after controlling for protopathic bias. [13]

  8. Gabapentin - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabapentin

    Gabapentin is effective for the long-term treatment of social anxiety disorder and in reducing preoperative anxiety. [ 26 ] [ 27 ] In a controlled trial of breast cancer survivors with anxiety, [ 38 ] and a trial for social phobia, [ 37 ] gabapentin significantly reduced anxiety levels.

  9. Flumazenil - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flumazenil

    In vitro studies of tissue cultured cell lines have shown that chronic treatment with flumazenil enhanced the benzodiazepine binding site where such receptors have become more numerous and uncoupling/down-regulation of GABA A has been reversed. [19] [20] [21] After long-term exposure to benzodiazepines, GABA A receptors become down-regulated ...

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